By exam system按考试制度
Pick a system, then pick a question先选制度，再选问题
IGCSE剑桥 IGCSE Who runs it, how it is graded, what Core and Extended mean, which subjects make up the science and commerce groups, and how the exam series, private entries and retakes work.由谁主办、如何评分、Core 与 Extended 的分别、理科与商科各包含哪些科目，以及考期、自修生报考与重考如何运作。
01
What is IGCSE, and who runs it?什么是 IGCSE？由谁主办？
Two exam boards, four-digit syllabus codes, no overall result — and the group award most people have never heard of.两个考试局、四位数考纲编号、没有总成绩，以及一个多数人没听过的整体奖项。
02
How is IGCSE graded?IGCSE 如何评分？
Two scales, A*–G and 9–1, where they line up, and who actually decides what counts as a pass.A*–G 与 9–1 两套等级、两者如何对照，以及“及格”由谁定义。
03
What do Core and Extended mean?Core 与 Extended 是什么意思？
Two papers for the same subject, a grade ceiling on one of them, and a decision made months before the exam.同一科两种试卷、其中一种设有成绩上限，而这个决定在考试前数月就已定下。
04
How many subjects, and how are they grouped?要考几科？科目怎么组合？
No fixed number, no formal streams — and the timetable does more of the deciding than the syllabus does.没有固定科目数，也没有正式分流——真正决定组合的往往是课表，而不是考纲。
05
Which subjects make up the pure science group?纯理科包含哪些科目？
Three separate sciences, single award or double award, and the practical paper that depends on the school's lab.三科独立、单科合并或双科合并，以及那份取决于学校实验室的实验卷。
06
Which subjects make up the commerce group?商科包含哪些科目？
Economics, Business and Accounting — what each one actually is, and the syllabus change happening to one of them.经济、商业与会计——三科各自是什么，以及其中一科正在更换考纲。
07
Which English subject is which?三科英文，哪一科是哪一科？
0500, 0510, 0511 and 0475 are four things called English — and the school usually picks for you.0500、0510、0511 与 0475 都被叫作“英文”，而通常是学校替你决定的。
08
When are the exams, and can I sit as a private candidate?考期在什么时候？可以以自修生身份报考吗？
The series that matter here, how an external candidate enters, and the components that quietly block an entry.本地的主要考期、自修生如何报名，以及哪些考核部分会在不知不觉中挡住报考。
09
Can a subject be retaken, or changed?可以重考或换考纲吗？
Single-subject resits, what happens to the old grade, and the coursework marks you do not have to redo.单科重考、旧成绩会怎样，以及不必重做的课业分数。
UEC独中统考 UEC Who runs it, the six-year Junior and Senior system, how it is graded, what the science and commerce streams contain, English inside UEC, who may sit the exam, and where the certificate is recognised.由谁主办、初中与高中六年学制、如何评分、理科与商科各含哪些科目、统考里的英文、谁可以报考，以及文凭在哪里获得承认。
01
What is UEC, and who runs it?什么是统考？由谁主办？
A six-year system with two examinations, run by the Chinese independent schools themselves.六年学制、两次统考，由华文独立中学自己主办。
02
How is UEC graded?统考如何评分？
A1 to F9, what counts as a credit, and why there is no overall result to quote.A1 至 F9、什么算优等，以及为什么没有“总成绩”可引用。
03
What are the Senior streams, and what is compulsory?高中有哪些分流？哪些科目是必修？
Science, commerce and arts — plus the three languages every student sits whichever stream they are in.理科、商科与文科——以及无论哪一个分流都要考的三种语文。
04
Which subjects make up the UEC science stream?统考理科包含哪些科目？
Two mathematics papers on top of the usual three sciences — and a choice of language for each paper.在三门理科之外，还多两份数学试卷——而且每份试卷都可选语文版本。
05
Which subjects make up the UEC commerce stream?统考商科包含哪些科目？
Four subjects, two of which are accounting — and one of them is Chinese-medium only.四个科目，其中两个是会计——而且有一科只有华文版。
06
What is English like in UEC, and is it enough?统考的英文是什么样的？够用吗？
Compulsory at both levels — and, on its own, usually not accepted as proof of English proficiency.初高中都是必修——但单凭它，通常不足以证明英文水平。
07
When is the exam, and who may sit it?统考什么时候考？谁可以报考？
One sitting a year, and a candidate list much narrower than most people assume.一年只有一次考期，而可报考的人比多数人以为的窄得多。
08
Where is UEC recognised?统考在哪里获得承认？
Widely abroad, widely by private universities here, and a Malaysian public-university position that has recently moved.海外广泛承认、本地私立大学广泛承认，而公立大学这一端近来出现了变化。
SPM and the national syllabusSPM 与国家课程 KSSM and the five years of secondary school, how SPM is graded, what replaced streaming, the science and commerce electives, the weight carried by English and Bahasa Melayu, and sitting as a private candidate.KSSM 与五年中学、SPM 如何评分、取代分流的是什么、理科与商科选修、英文与马来文的分量，以及自修生报考。
01
What is the national syllabus, and what is SPM?什么是国家课程？SPM 又是什么？
KSSM, five years of secondary school, and one examination at the end of it.KSSM、五年中学，以及最后那一场考试。
02
How is SPM graded?SPM 如何评分？
A+ down to G, what counts as a credit, and the two subjects that decide whether a certificate is issued at all.A+ 至 G、什么算优等，以及决定你拿不拿得到文凭的那两科。
03
Are students still streamed into Science and Arts?SPM 还分理科班与文科班吗？
Streaming was abolished. What replaced it is a package of electives on top of six core subjects.分流已经取消。取而代之的是六科必修之上的选修配套。
04
Which science subjects are there at SPM?SPM 有哪些理科科目？
Sains for everyone, the three pure sciences for some, and the mathematics subject that decides how far a science package goes.人人都考 Sains，部分人加修三门纯理科，而附加数学决定理科配套走得多远。
05
Which commerce subjects are there at SPM?SPM 有哪些商科科目？
Ekonomi, Perniagaan and Prinsip Perakaunan — and a different set again in technical schools.经济、商业与会计原理——技术学校另有一套。
06
English and Bahasa Melayu in SPMSPM 的英文与马来文
The paper code 1119, what CEFR alignment changed, and why Bahasa Melayu now follows students who never sit SPM.1119 这个编号、CEFR 对接改变了什么，以及马来文为何会跟上不考 SPM 的学生。
07
When is SPM, and can I sit as a private candidate?SPM 什么时候考？可以以自修生身份报考吗？
A calendar that has moved twice in recent years, and a private-candidate route that starts with six compulsory subjects.近年两度变动的考试日历，以及以六科必修为起点的自修生途径。
IELTS and MUET雅思 IELTS 与 MUET What each test measures, how the bands are scored and how long a result lasts, the difference between IELTS Academic and General Training, and which qualification an institution here or abroad actually asks for.两项考试各测什么、分级怎么算、成绩有效多久、雅思学术类与培训类的分别，以及本地与海外院校实际要求哪一项资格。
01
What is IELTS, and how is it scored?什么是雅思？分数怎么算？
Four skills in one sitting, a band from 0 to 9, and a result most places treat as good for two years.一次考完四项技能、0 至 9 的分级，以及多数院校视为两年有效的成绩。
02
Academic or General Training — which one?学术类还是培训类？
Two halves of the test are identical. The other two are not, and picking wrong means sitting it again.一半的考试内容完全相同，另一半不同；选错就得重考。
03
What is MUET, and how do the bands work?什么是 MUET？分级怎么算？
Four papers, a band from 1.0 to 5+, valid for five years — and required before a public university will admit you.四份试卷、1.0 至 5+ 的分级、五年有效，而且是公立大学录取前的必要条件。
04
Which English test does an institution ask for?院校要求哪一项英文考试？
MUET for public universities here, IELTS almost everywhere abroad — and the requirement is always published.本地公立大学看 MUET，海外几乎都看雅思——而要求永远是公开的。
Questions across all systems跨考试制度的共同问题 The four grading scales side by side, adding a subject outside your package, moving from one system to another, and how to read an entry requirement so it settles the question.四套等级并列对照、加修配套以外的科目、从一个制度转到另一个，以及如何读入学要求才能一次弄清楚。
01
How do the grading scales line up?各套等级如何对照？
Four scales, side by side — and why only one pair of them can honestly be converted.四套等级并列——以及为什么只有其中一对可以诚实换算。
02
I want to take a subject outside my package — what should I know?我想加修配套以外的科目，该知道什么？
Not every school allows it, and the answer depends on the timetable more than on the syllabus.不是每所学校都允许，而答案取决于课表，多过取决于考纲。
03
Can a student move from one system to another?可以从一个考试制度转到另一个吗？
Usually yes, at a cost that rises sharply the later it happens — and one system you cannot join late.通常可以，但越晚转代价越大——而且有一套制度是不能中途加入的。
04
How do I read an entry requirement properly?入学要求该怎么读？
Four things every requirement contains, and the two hurdles people forget are separate.每一份入学要求都包含的四件事，以及最常被误以为是同一关的两道关卡。
Still not sure还是拿不定主意
Ask, or find out where you stand直接问我们，或先测一测
These pages explain the systems. They cannot tell you which paper a particular student should sit — for that, a placement test or a short conversation is faster than any amount of reading.这些文章说明的是各套制度本身，无法判断某一名学生该考哪一份试卷。要回答那个问题，做一次水平测试或直接聊几句，比读多少文章都快。
Show me around带我看看 · the site, the portals and the app in one page一页看完网站、两个专区与应用